11. Marpa Lotsāwa (The Great Translator)
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Marpa (1012–1097) was a rugged, householder lama who made three perilous journeys to India to bring the Kagyu teachings to Tibet. Studying under Naropa and Maitripa, he mastered the Six Dharmas and Mahāmudra. Known for his fierce personality, he tested his main disciple, Milarepa, through grueling trials. By translating key Sanskrit texts into Tibetan and establishing a lineage based on direct experience, Marpa became the forefather of the Kagyu school’s oral transmission.