II. The Existing Thūpas
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This section details the history of ancient Thūpas that existed prior to the current era. It describes the veneration of these shrines by both gods and men, emphasizing their role as focal points for merit-making. The narrative highlights how the physical presence of these Thūpas served as a constant reminder of the Buddhas’ teachings and the spiritual achievements of past Arahats, ensuring the Dhamma remained accessible to all beings.